减水减肥对设施黑土菜田磷素累积与淋溶的影响.pdf

2021 1 29 1 Chinese Journal of Eco Agriculture Jan 2021 29 1 119 127 国家重点研发计划项目 2016YFD0800100 和黑龙江省杰出青年科学基金 JC2018011 资助 通信作者 隋跃宇 主要从事黑土生态及区域土壤地理研究 E mail suiyy 陈一民 主要从事土壤微生物及养分循环的研究 E mail chenyimin 收稿日期 2020 06 17 接受日期 2020 09 04 This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China 2016YFD0800100 and Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Funds for Outstanding Youth JC2018011 Corresponding author E mail suiyy Received Jun 17 2020 accepted Sep 4 2020 DOI 10 13930 ki cjea 200462 J 2021 29 1 119 127 CHEN Y M XU X JIAO X G QU H Y HOU M SUI Y Y The effect of reduced irrigation and chemical fertilizers on phosphorus accumulation and leaching in Mollisol vegetable fields J Chinese Journal of Eco Agriculture 2021 29 1 119 127 陈一民 1 徐 欣 2 焦晓光 2 曲红云 3 侯 萌 1 隋跃宇 1 1 150081 2 150080 3 150069 设施黑土菜田由于过量施肥和灌溉导致磷素淋溶损失严重 亟待优化水肥管理模式以减少设施黑土 菜田磷素淋溶 本研究依托黑土设施菜田淋溶监测试验 设置常规灌溉量与施肥量 WF 常规灌溉量 80 常 规化肥量 W80 F 80 常规灌溉量 常规肥处理 80 WF 3 个处理 对土壤磷储量 速效磷动态变化 磷素 淋失量进行分析 研究了不同水肥处理对黑土设施茄子土壤磷素淋失风险和淋失量的影响 结果表明 经种植 1 季茄子后 WF W80 F 和 80 WF 处理 0 100 cm 土体磷储量分别为 9 69 t hm 2 9 36 t hm 2 和 8 84 t hm 2 分 别比移栽前增加 26 5 27 5 和 7 1 随着茄子生育期延长 0 20 cm 土层速效磷含量呈先升高后降低的趋 势 80 WF 处理速效磷含量较其他两个处理高 变幅为 145 17 224 55 mg kg 1 20 40 cm 土层 WF 处理速效磷 含量基本保持不变 80 WF 处理速效磷含量整体呈上升趋势 W80 F 处理速效磷含量先升高后降低再升高 除盛果期外均显著高于另两个处理 WF W80 F 和 80 WF 磷素淋失量分别为 17 84 kg hm 2 17 47 kg hm 2 和 9 02 kg hm 2 其中有机磷淋失量占磷素淋失总量的 90 以上 磷素淋失量与磷储量增加量 盛果期 0 40 cm 土层速效磷含量 拉秧期 0 20 cm 土层速效磷含量之间均存在显著的相关性 P 0 05 可通过磷储量增加量来 预测生育期内磷素淋失量 与常规水肥处理相比 减少化肥施用量对磷素淋失量和淋失风险无明显影响 但减 少灌溉量能显著减少磷素淋失量 降低磷素淋失风险 研究结果可为设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶阻控提供技术支 撑 为新阻控技术的研发提供理论指导 设施黑土菜田 磷淋溶 磷储量 减施化肥 减少灌溉量 S158 5 OSID The effect of reduced irrigation and chemical fertilizers on phosphorus accumulation and leaching in Mollisol vegetable fields CHEN Yimin 1 XU Xin 2 JIAO Xiaoguang 2 QU Hongyun 3 HOU Meng 1 SUI Yueyu 1 1 Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Harbin 150081 China 2 College of Modern Agriculture and Eco environment Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China 3 Institute of Horticulture Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150069 China Abstract Excessive fertilization and irrigation have led to phosphorus leaching in Mollisol vegetable fields and optimization of these practices is critical for reducing phosphorus pollution A leaching monitoring experiment was performed in a Mollisol eggplant field using the following three treatments standard irrigation and chemical fertilizer amounts WF standard irriga 120 2021 29 tion 80 chemical fertilizer W80 F and 80 irrigation standard chemical fertilizer 80 WF The soil phosphorus storage available phosphorus dynamics and phosphorus leaching amounts were analyzed to determine the effects of irrigation and fertilization treatments on phosphorus leaching After one growing season phosphorus storage in the 0 100 cm soil layers were 9 69 t hm 2 WF 9 36 t hm 2 W80 F and 8 84 t hm 2 80 WF which were 26 5 27 5 and 7 1 higher than before planting respectively These results showed that phosphorous accumulation occurred which increased the leaching risk During the extended eggplant growing period the available phosphorus in the 0 20 cm soil layer increased and then decreased and was highest in the 80 WF treatment ranging between 145 17 224 55 mg kg 1 The available phosphorus in the 20 40 cm soil layer did not change under WF treatment and increased under 80 WF treatment The available phosphorus fluctuated with W80 F but was significantly higher than that in the other treatments except during the full fruit period The phosphorus leaching amounts were 17 84 kg hm 2 WF 17 47 kg hm 2 W80 F and 9 02 kg hm 2 80 WF Organic phosphorus leaching was more than 90 of the total phosphorus leaching differing from other soil types There were significant positive correlations between phosphorus leaching and increased phosphorus storage available phosphorus in the 0 40 cm layer at the full fruit stage and in the 0 20 cm layer at the withering stage P 0 05 This indicates that changes in phosphorus storage and the available phosphorus content may help predict phosphorus leaching in Mollisols After one growing season phosphorus storage in the 0 100 cm layer increased in all treatments the smallest increase was in the W80 F treatment indicating that reduced irrigation lowers the phosphorous leaching risk Reducing chemical fertilizers did not affect phosphorus leaching or the leaching risk These results provide information for preventing phosphorus leaching which may be used to develop new techniques for Mollisol vegetable fields Keywords Facility vegetable field of Mollisols Phosphorus leaching Phosphorus storage Reducing chemical fertilizers application Reducing irrigation 1 2 FAO 3 321 kg 2 6 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2020 267 000 hm 2 13 14 Zhou 15 16 17 1 材料与方法 1 1 45 63 N 126 65 E 173 1 m 569 1 mm 6 9 60 11 1 20 0 g kg 1 1 83 g kg 1 1 27 g kg 1 pH 6 73 1 121 1 20 g cm 3 324 m 2 27 m 12 m Solanum melongena L 4 10 4 4 0 20 cm 1 2 2016 3 1 WF 2 80 W80 F 3 80 80 WF 1 40 3 3 18 m 2 6 m 3 m 201 17 18 表 1 不同处理设施茄子生育期内具体施肥及灌溉量 Table 1 Fertilization rates and irrigation amounts of different treatments during the growth period of eggplants Base fertilizer kg hm 2 Top dressing at initial fruiting stage kg hm 2 Top dressing at fruiting stage kg hm 2 Irrigation amount m 3 hm 2 Treatment Organic fertilizer N P 2 O 5 K 2 O N N K 2 O During transplanting At anthesis WF 5000 72 72 110 70 23 113 27 45 W80 F 5000 57 6 57 6 88 56 18 4 90 4 27 45 80 WF 5000 72 72 110 70 23 113 21 6 36 1 3 2019 4 26 5 26 6 21 7 19 10 17 3 0 20 cm 20 40 cm 40 60 cm 60 80 cm 80 100 cm 90 cm 1 2 m 2 100 mL 20 1 4 NaHCO 3 19 t hm 2 C i i D i 10 1 C i i g kg 1 i i g cm 3 D i i m kg hm 2 M n V n 10 6 S 10 4 2 M n n mg L 1 V n n L S m 2 t hm 2 3 1 5 Excel 2019 SPSS 20 0 0 05 Excel 2019 2 结果与分析 2 1 TP 0 100 cm 1 TP 3 TP 0 29 1 65 g kg 1 0 20 cm 20 40 cm W80 F TP WF 13 7 15 2 80 WF TP WF 43 9 9 1 40 100 cm TP 1 6 32 9 9 2 28 9 3 TP 0 37 1 57 g kg 1 20 40 cm W80 F 80 WF TP WF 57 7 16 6 122 2021 29 TP 0 1 35 7 TP 0 8 31 9 1 WF W80 F TP 10 5 43 7 6 0 57 0 60 80 cm 80 WF 0 20 cm TP 7 2 20 40 cm 60 80 cm 80 100 cm TP 19 3 37 7 26 8 图 1 不同水肥处理 0 100 cm 土体全磷含量 Fig 1 Total phosphorus contents in 0 100 cm soil profiles of different irrigation or fertilization treatments 1 The description of treatments is shown in the table 1 2 3 0 100 cm 7 34 8 25 t hm 2 80 WF W80 F 0 100 cm 8 84 9 69 t hm 2 WF 80 WF WF W80 F 80 WF 0 100 cm 26 5 27 5 7 1 0 100 cm W80 F WF 图 2 不同水肥处理 0 100 cm 土体磷储量 Fig 2 Phosphorus storage in 0 100 cm soil profile of different irrigation or fertilization treatments 1 The description of treatments is shown in the table 1 1 123 20 0 40 cm 40 100 cm 2 0 40 cm 0 100 cm 50 0 40 cm 4 12 5 27 t hm 2 3 80 WF W80 F WF 0 40 cm 5 18 5 77 t hm 2 3 W80 F 80 WF WF 1 WF W80 F 0 40 cm 25 7 26 1 80 WF 2 0 40 100 cm 2 76 3 54 t hm 2 3 WF 80 WF W80 F 40 100 cm 3 47 4 51 t hm 2 3 WF 80 WF W80 F 1 WF W80 F 40 100 cm 27 5 29 9 80 WF 16 3 2 2 0 40 cm 20 0 20 cm AP 3 WF AP 134 78 203 89 mg kg 1 W80 F AP 126 91 220 91 mg kg 1 80 WF AP 145 17 224 55 mg kg 1 3 AP W80 F 80 WF AP WF PWF W80 F AP P 0 05 20 40 cm WF AP 90 43 96 14 mg kg 1 W80 F AP 99 23 205 64 mg kg 1 0 20 cm 80 WF AP 75 40 114 54 mg kg 1 80 WF AP WF WF WF P 0 05 图 3 茄子生育期内不同水肥处理 0 20 cm 和 20 40 cm 土层速效磷含量动态变化 Fig 3 Dynamics of available phosphorus contents in 0 20 cm and 20 40 cm soil layers during eggplant growth period of different irrigation or fertilization treatments 1 The description of treatments is shown in the table 1 2 3 2 WF W80 F 80 WF 49 4 92 124 2021 29 W80 F 表 2 不同水肥处理土壤磷素淋失量 Table 2 Soil phosphorus leaching amounts of different irriga tion or fertilization treatments Leaching amount kg hm 2 Treatment Total phosphorus Organic phosphorus Inorganic phosphorus WF 17 84 1 45a 17 19 1 94a 0 65 0 10b W80 F 17 47 0 68a 16 70 0 83a 0 77 0 29a 80 WF 9 02 0 52b 8 35 0 61b 0 67 0 06b 1 P 0 05 The description of treatments is shown in the table 1 Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at P 0 05 level WF 80 WF 20 40 cm AP P 0 05 0 20 cm 20 40 cm AP 0 20 cm AP P 0 05 P 0 01 0 20 cm 20 40 cm AP 0 20 cm AP P 0 05 3 0 20 cm 20 40 cm AP 0 20 cm AP 表 3 磷素淋失量与磷储量变化及茄子不同生育期不同土层速效磷含量的相关分析 Table 3 Correlation between phosphorus leaching amounts and changes in phosphorus storage available phosphorus content of different soil layers at different growth stages of eggplant Soil depth cm Total P leaching amount Organic P leaching amount Inorganic P leaching amount Change in phosphorus storage 0 968 0 952 0 046 0 20 0 560 0 532 0 160 Available phosphorus at seedling stage 20 40 0 669 0 655 0 371 0 20 0 567 0 569 0 186 Available phosphorus at initial fruiting stage 20 40 0 483 0 469 0 362 0 20 0 711 0 692 0 293 Available phosphorus at full fruit stage 20 40 0 916 0 908 0 000 0 20 0 731 0 733 0 099 Available phosphorus at withering stage 20 40 0 020 0 002 0 217 0 01 0 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